Justice and conflict in south sudan observations from a pilot. South sudan is coming into existence after long wars of liberation, inheriting poor infrastruc ture, a volatile political climate, limited capacity for governance, weak state institutions, a financial crises, violent ethnic divisions, and an uncertain regional and international political. Violent conflict in the disputed town of abyei displaced tens of thousands, by june, an agreement. A south sudan based partner organization, forcier consulting, was selected to hire local researchers and oversee the field research. Oct 02, 2020 relying on the comparative study of nigeria and south africa, it is the contention in this paper that ethnic conflict which has been at the heart of african countries development problem is a.
Religious and ethnic wars in the sudan european colonialism drastically changed the lives of people in subsaharan africa through new forms of government, new languages, and new religions. The south sudanese civil war was a multisided civil war in south sudan between forces of the government and opposition forces. The genesis of the conflict was political, but the execution of. The first civil war in sudan broke out in 1955, a few. The case of south sudans agreement on the resolution of the. Macrolevel analysis of trends in conflict and protection2 south sudan is enveloped by multiple, interconnected conflicts political, military and communitarian, and this frames the complex. The republic of south sudan, formed in 2011, is one of the worlds youngest countries and it neighbors its sister, the republic of north sudan, and both are in a situation of turmoil as always. What began as a power struggle within the ruling party, the sudan peoples liberation movement splm, reignited factional fighting within the army, the sudan peoples liberation army spla, in december 20. However, their independence, like that of other countries in the world, came with a huge human cost following decades of intense conflict between the arab north and the nonarab south. The state in south sudan is weak and underdeveloped to. Conflict in western equatoria south sudan ngo forum. South sudan has all the hallmarks of a failed state.
Lominsuk ended his remarks stating that the conflict in south sudan was largely fomented and fueled by dr. The sudanese minister of finance, ali mahmoud, said that the conflict with the republic of south sudan caused a fiscal deficit of 6. This research looks specifically into the roles of ethnic. The conflict began in 2003 when rebels launched an insurrection to protest what they contended was the sudanese governments disregard for the western region and its nonarab population. Institute of peace, june 2011, files resourcessr278. South sudan on road to sustainable peace, but international support still key, 5 march 2020, url. An ethnic conflict is a conflict between two or more contending ethnic groups.
After two civil wars, the country of sudan split apart after an agreement of 98% the sudanese people to split apart and go their seperate ways. The issue of how much money the sudanese government should receive for the oil pumped in south sudan but transported through sudan s pipelines and exported via sudan s infrastructure was particularly. In south sudan, intercommunal conflicts between the dinka and the nuer on the one hand, and the nuer and the murle on the other, predate sudan s independence in 1956. There were disagreements over resources, such as oil, and. Conflict in the equatorias crisis group africa report n236, 25 may 2016 page iv to south sudan s church leaders. Disputes are often sharpened or even triggered by glaring social, political and economic inequalities, explosive conditions that are exacerbated by social conflict, resource depletion, and environmental degradation. Based on this analysis, it then discusses the humanitarian and economic implications of the conflict, as well as its impact on south sudan.
This chapter analyzes ethnocommunal conflicts in sudan and south. Unhrc, report of the commission on human rights in south sudan, 31 january 2020, url, p. Although ethnicity is a contributing factor to the ongoing crisis in south sudan, particularly. South sudan and the emerging security implications for. Civil war officially broke out in december 20, sparked by.
The civilian population is carrying the cost of the conflict. Conflict is often aggravated among nomadic groups over the issue of cattle and grazing land and is part of the wider sudanese nomadic. The cause and consequence of conflict in south sudan. United nations mission in the republic of south sudan unmiss since the outbreak of the conflict on 15 december. Republic of sudan and the new republic of south sudan or north and south sudan, for claritythe two countries were again in a state of war. A general overview of the south sudan sudan border 9 1. For example, europeans and africans are defining conflict in south sudan. Sudan suffered from internal conflict already before obtaining independence in 1956. Internal inter ethnic conflicts continue to create insecurity, and displacement of populations disproportionately affecting. Macro analysis of conflict in south sudan august 2014. S security council united nations mission in south sudan.
Fighting broke out between the sudan peoples liberation. Overview of corruption and anticorruption in south sudan. During second republic of sudan civil war 1983, dr john garang leads and formed spla and he was belonged to largest ethnic. Feb 25, 2014 2008 renewed north south conflict between the government of sudan gos, the sudan peoples liberation armymovement splam and various ethnic groups resulted in 200 deaths in 2008. In response, the irc is providing urgently needed medical care, wat.
This article summarizes how the crisis has evolved and which latent factors have contributed to it. Interethnic conflict in jonglei state, south sudan accord. Five things you should know about the conflict in south sudan. Currently, conflict in south sudan appears to have ethnic character. South sudan, as a result of tribal and political conflict, is a country in name only. This autonomy was achieved after more than two decades of intense fighting between the tribes. Sudan has not evolved an effective political answer to the problem of diversity and pluralism. Ethnocommunal conflict in sudan and south sudan springerlink. The emerging security threats that south sudan faces is a reflection of its geography, cultural diversity and political history as one unified and tied with that of the republic of sudan. The strength of the narrative is in trying to provide nuance. Machar denied trying to start a coup and fled to lead the splm in opposition splmio. A separate conflict that remained unresolved centred on the darfur region in western sudan. South sudan, civil war, power struggle, ethnic violence, international conflict.
May 21, 2015 conflict in western equatoria describing events through 17 july 2016 overview political tensions in former western equatoria state rose steadily throughout south sudan s 2015 civil war, culminating in clashes during the months and weeks leading up to the august 2015 agreement on the resolution of the conflict in south sudan arcss between. European colonialism also redrew cultural and ethnic boundaries, which helped fuel ethnic and religious conflict. A challenge to peaceby lukong stella shulika and nwabufo okekeuzodike above. Solutions for moving beyond an ethnic conflict eric. While the source of the conflict may be political, social, economic or religious, the individuals in conflict must expressly fight for their ethnic groups position within society. It analyses how local, national and international dynamics around independence in july 2011 and the end of the sixandahalfyear formal comprehensive. Candidate depaul university abstract although ethnicity is a contributing factor to the ongoing crisis in south sudan, particularly after the reescalation of violence in december of. While this ethnic diversity speaks to the countrys rich national heritage, it has also always been a source of internal ethnic discord in south sudan. While internal conflict is central for understanding sudan s foreign policy.
The worlds youngest state is heading towards civil war, but theres little that outsiders can do, the guardian, london, 27 december 20, 49. Facilitate local peace agreements as an d when appropriate between the tgonu, armed groups and armed youth, local communities and cattle keepers. Rulac, noninternational armed conflict in south sudan, 22 january 2020, url 27. The political crisis in south sudan african studies. Conflict south sudan seceded from sudan in july 2011 after a referendum was held where 99 per cent of the population in south sudan voted for independence bbc news 2011. Ethnic targeting, widespread killings press release, 16 january 2014 south sudan continues to face fiscal distress resulting from low oil prices in the global market and covid19 response measures that caused a decrease in nonoil revenue. Yet, this simplified dichotomy disguises a wide variety of ethnic groups living in both the north and the south. The finer details of how it started are unclear and accounts of the violence are often conflicting. This conflict has mostly targeted civilians and most often, ethnic groups, and warring parties have been accused of war crimes and crimes against. Elbattahani argues that the causes of conflict in sudan have economic, environmental and ethnic dimensions that interweave with each other, but all are underpinned by fundamental political problems.
Overview of corruption in south sudan background the history of south sudan is closely intertwined with the history of sudan. Ethnic violence in south sudan has a long history among south sudan s varied ethnic groups. Conflict mapping, ontological security and institutionalised conflict o n 15 and 16 december 20, violence broke out in juba, south sudan, with many thousands killed. On may 2, 2012, the united nations security council adopted resolution 2045, calling for an immediate halt to fighting between sudan and south sudan. It is a multiethnic state inhabited by several ethnic groups, such as dinka. The south sudan conflict flared up in 20 hardly two years after successful secession from sudan. In 2015, only 12% of people identified first as south sudanese, over their ethnic group or clan. Since civil war broke out in south sudan in december 20, over 50,000 people have been killedpossibly as many as 383,000, according to a recent estimateand nearly four. Hon ateny wek ateny added that the major challenge facing south sudan is waiting for international actors to define the conflict. South sudan is home to more than 60 ethnic groups, with the dinka and. Situation in south sudan 2011243 e 100920 2011243 report of the secretarygeneral i.
The political crisis in south sudan is now more than a year old, with no immediate end in sight to the fighting between armed factions. Two years later, violence broke out due to simmering political tensions when president salva kiir dismissed his vice president, riek machar in july 20. South sudan became the youngest nation in the world after splitting from the larger sudan to become the republic of south sudan in 2011. And beyond jonglei, many communities have yet to transition from a state of conflict and continue to suffer insecurity and poverty. South sudan conflict analysis brief search for common. Solutions for moving beyond an ethnic conflict christa charbonneau kuntzelman, m.
It is an outsiders view and will no doubt, given the complexity of south sudan, be full of gaps and generalisations. South sudan has 64 tribes with the largest being the dinkas, who constitute about 35% of the population and predominate in government. This final criterion differentiates ethnic conflict from other forms of struggle. It was the 1972 addis ababa agreement that secured a decade of relative peace between north and south sudan. To avoid further humanitarian crisis to armed actors. Conflict is often aggravated among nomadic groups over the issue of cattle and. South sudan conflict analysis brief south sudan, the worlds youngest nation, continues to struggle despite the august 2015 signature of a peace agreement. Jul 08, 2014 1 south sudan is topping the list of failed states index for the year 2014. Justice and conflict in south sudan observations from a.
Unicef learned many lessons from its leading of the operation lifeline sudan ols during the 19851989 famine in southern sudan and in modified form into the. As its implementation faltered, violence between factions broke out again in july 2016, setting back the peace process once again. South sudan, power struggle, oil, corruption, and ethnicity. Ethnic conflict in south sudan has forced more than 1 million people to flee their homes. Peace and conflict assessment of south sudan 2012 5 executive summary this report is an assessment of peace, conflict and peacebuilding in south sudan, conducted between june 2011 and march 2012. Ethnic conflict in sudan by alise gilliard infographic. This increased to 57% in 2016, and trust of other ethnic groups. North sudan consists mainly of arabic muslims while the vast majority of south sudan consists of christians and nonarabs. The conflict has been marked by the failure of the government of the republic of south sudan. The two regions battled over power and control of the government. The ethnic conflict between north and south sudan has lasted over 22 years and is still ongoing.
Internal inter ethnic conflicts continue to create insecurity, and displacement. This paper is an excellent primer for humanitarians operating in south sudan and for those who wish to increase their. Perceptions and voices of south sudanese about the north. Accordingly, the conflict is sponsored by the two largest ethnic groups, namely dinka and nuer. South sudan the republic of south sudan gained independence from sudan on 9 july 2011. South sudan and the emerging security implications for east. A human rights report united nations mission in south sudan. In parallel with this proposal, the splmio even appointed governors, including for states that had not been under the territory of the splmio during the civil war waged in south sudan since december 20. Candidate depaul university abstract although ethnicity is a contributing factor to the ongoing crisis in south sudan, particularly after the reescalation of violence in december of 20, the characterization of the. Civilians have been routinely targeted in the conflict, often along ethnic lines, and the warring parties have been accused of war crimes and.
The fiftyyear long war between north and south sudan left a culture of violence that still continues. This paper argues that the prevailing ethnic violence in south sudan is the spillover effect of the power competition between. The disease also had a negative impact on small businesses, while intercommunal and intracommunal conflict and flooding in certain. Peoples peacemaking perspectives march 2012 south sudan. Years of international efforts to bring an end to decades of conflict by helping to negotiate the comprehensive peace agreement cpa of 2005 and the later. South sudan as regional pawn 2 the red sea arena 4 rebooting us policy to support conflict resolution and regional stability 5 conclusion 8 payton knopf south sudan s civil war and conflict dynamics in the red sea summary the regional political and security dynamics that surround south sudan s ongoing civil war. Yet, the discovery of oil in the late 1970s in south sudan had the potential to re.
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